In this course,Michael Sandel delves into the rich philosophical traditions of utilitarianism and libertarianism. He critically examines John Stuart Mill's defense of utilitarianism, exploring his attempts to differentiate between higher and lower pleasures and the implications for justice and individual rights within a utilitarian framework.

Sandel also investigate the libertarian perspective, which challenges certain government interventions, such as paternalistic legislation and extensive wealth redistribution. We analyze the foundations of libertarianism, including principles of self-ownership and consent of the governed, while addressing objections related to the role of luck in success and the concept of deserving versus needing wealth redistribution.

Additionally, we explore the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, focusing on the principle of maximizing general welfare or happiness. We discuss the controversial practice of cost-benefit analysis, including its application to human life. Critiques of assigning a monetary value to human life and the omission of emotional suffering from the utilitarian calculus are thoroughly examined.

Throughout the course, we consider how these ethical theories shape our understanding of justice, individual rights, and societal well-being, encouraging thoughtful reflection on complex moral dilemmas.